CW Ch 1 Connors
4
technical writer vs. technician who write
tech wtg teachers vs. tchr in a technical discipline who teaches writing
5
late 19th century rse in engineering schools
5-6
circa 1900: complaints re: wrtg quality
6
Earle: 3 starred key points TYPE UP
cultural split
7
1910-20 Basic TW curriculum developed
8
many Ts of TW in Eng depts were not interested in being there
Eng depts. critted tech colleagues
8-9
1920s TW growing
txts; Ts who saw self as TW Ts
10
depression hit field 1930s
still low status for TW folks
1930s: tech forms approach popular w/teachers
field grows, status static
12
during WW2, tech report writing became a job
corps liek GM opened up TW depts
12-13
forms, genre grows
13
STW formed
1954 Mill's & Walter's TW: rhet approach; does it work?
14
50s-60s
more audience awareness; TW moves beyond engineering
still no academic respect; Sputnik 1957 increased respect/status of TW for a period
15
R. Hays & W. E. Britton def of TW GET QUOTE
professionalism/ self-awareness gorwing
prof/academic respect NOT growing: mostly grad Ss & low-level faculty teaching it
16
proposal writing became a more serious form
late 60s: Engineering Ss numbers shrank & TW classes shrank
16
JTWC started in 1970
1971 Hbk of TW practitioners
1973 ATTW formed
1976 MLA recognized TW
Industry still needed specialists
17
1970s growth in classes/texts
1980s scholarship is thriving
Ch 2
20
GET Winterowd's Comp/Rhet: synth for TW teacher
21
what TW is GET QUOTE
parts of TW: lrng to think well AND be useful to others
22
TW needs to associate more w/liberal education
focus on better contextualization of the discipline
23
being & knowing over doing & willing
QUintillian: character precedes action
Bacon: induction
24
Thomas Huxley: applied science & tech needs pure science
25-6
TC can't afford to exaggerate the importance or perfection of science
27
history of scientific community: 17th century mails; experiments; small group of men
1881 in Britain: technical education opened up
1862 in US: Morrill Act: land grant colleges
28
remembering & ujnderstanding history of TW enables use of strengths & to cut dead weight
writing creates its own version of reality
28-29
tw: produce writing that accomodates technology to user
29
TC puts knowledge into practice
30
just as important to master craft is to work well with others
TC as collaboration
Geertz: culture as a set of control mechanisms
=don't get lost in idea of culture--it's a big diea
31
rtrn TC to rhetoric & liberal arts
32
be articulate citizens
use rhetoric in an active life/living
Showing posts with label reading. Show all posts
Showing posts with label reading. Show all posts
Saturday, August 29, 2009
Carter Red Reader Tech intro notes
from the anthology
170
scientific method taken for granted in analytic perspectives
contintental phil. often suspicious/critical of technology; often retain a larger, more holistic vision of technology
Bunge from Popper--anti-social construction
Technology has given us pragmatism; Bunge critiques pragmatism
171
Ellul holistic, descriptive
GOOD QUOTE
technology as a process vs. being an object/item
the most urgent philosophical need: avert disaster
170
scientific method taken for granted in analytic perspectives
contintental phil. often suspicious/critical of technology; often retain a larger, more holistic vision of technology
Bunge from Popper--anti-social construction
Technology has given us pragmatism; Bunge critiques pragmatism
171
Ellul holistic, descriptive
GOOD QUOTE
technology as a process vs. being an object/item
the most urgent philosophical need: avert disaster
Rickly Hughes Hayhoe Ch 1-3 notes
Ch1
Summary on pg 16
3
research should inform practical decisions
avoid abstraction wars--free for alls-by requiring specific supporting proof
4
action science: building a ladder of inference
research: linking actions, decision, or advocacy to observable data
research: systematic collection and analysis of observations fo rthe purpose of creating new knowledge that can inform actions and decision
traits of research: systematic; collection & analysis of data; creates new knowledge; informs actions & decisions
5
concept of research carries assumption that knowledge created is applicable at generalized level and repeatable multiple times
"research must ultimately articulate generalized truths from specific instrances"
Scientific Method: observation; hypothesis; prediction; experiment
6
research goals filter design & interpretation of research & data
6-7
kinds of research goals: theoretical; empirical; intepretivist; PoMO; developmental; evaluative
10-11
Research Methods: quant, qual, critical theory; lit review; mixed methods
14
sources of research: industry; academy; prof. societies; gov't
15
hierarchies of publications: open -> editor -> refereed
Ch 2
(no summary at end)
20-24
Structure of Research Report
statement of research problem: gives background, goals for this spec. research, research ?
25-30
Phases of Research Project
ID R goal; form research ?; review lit; design study; get approvals; collect data; analyze data; report results
review of lit: established scope of prior research; educate reader; ground researcher's premises in data
description of methodology:
name method: quant, qual, crit theory, lit review, mixed metho
describe data collection
describe sample & sample selection process
describe data analysis tech
analysis of data
conclusion
Defining Goal & Research Questions 31-34
Ideas from Lit: can research be updated/ narrowed/ broadened; challenged
Ideas from Real-life problems
Ch 3
Summary on 54
Reviewing the Lit
38
primary research: formulating & testing hypothesis
secondary: draw on previous reports/research
39-40
Purpose of lit review: discover what's been done; ID gaps in research; educate readers; establish credibility
40-50
conducting the lit review
Gather sources
describe & evaluate sources--both should be in the LR
descrip has all essential info about book & be 100-250 words
evaluative 50-100 words
50-51
AB is a list of sources on topic
LR prepared for an audience; often part of research section of paper
51-2
preparing LR: define purpose & audience; organize effectively; determine appropriate detail level
Summary on pg 16
3
research should inform practical decisions
avoid abstraction wars--free for alls-by requiring specific supporting proof
4
action science: building a ladder of inference
research: linking actions, decision, or advocacy to observable data
research: systematic collection and analysis of observations fo rthe purpose of creating new knowledge that can inform actions and decision
traits of research: systematic; collection & analysis of data; creates new knowledge; informs actions & decisions
5
concept of research carries assumption that knowledge created is applicable at generalized level and repeatable multiple times
"research must ultimately articulate generalized truths from specific instrances"
Scientific Method: observation; hypothesis; prediction; experiment
6
research goals filter design & interpretation of research & data
6-7
kinds of research goals: theoretical; empirical; intepretivist; PoMO; developmental; evaluative
10-11
Research Methods: quant, qual, critical theory; lit review; mixed methods
14
sources of research: industry; academy; prof. societies; gov't
15
hierarchies of publications: open -> editor -> refereed
Ch 2
(no summary at end)
20-24
Structure of Research Report
statement of research problem: gives background, goals for this spec. research, research ?
25-30
Phases of Research Project
ID R goal; form research ?; review lit; design study; get approvals; collect data; analyze data; report results
review of lit: established scope of prior research; educate reader; ground researcher's premises in data
description of methodology:
name method: quant, qual, crit theory, lit review, mixed metho
describe data collection
describe sample & sample selection process
describe data analysis tech
analysis of data
conclusion
Defining Goal & Research Questions 31-34
Ideas from Lit: can research be updated/ narrowed/ broadened; challenged
Ideas from Real-life problems
Ch 3
Summary on 54
Reviewing the Lit
38
primary research: formulating & testing hypothesis
secondary: draw on previous reports/research
39-40
Purpose of lit review: discover what's been done; ID gaps in research; educate readers; establish credibility
40-50
conducting the lit review
Gather sources
describe & evaluate sources--both should be in the LR
descrip has all essential info about book & be 100-250 words
evaluative 50-100 words
50-51
AB is a list of sources on topic
LR prepared for an audience; often part of research section of paper
51-2
preparing LR: define purpose & audience; organize effectively; determine appropriate detail level
Friday, August 28, 2009
Rickly MacNealy Ch 1 & 3 notes
Chapter 1
1-2
WW II impact on writing
manuals needed for proper operation of gear
influx of GIs into higher ed
4
Rsrch improves communication, builds image of a discipline
6
library based research:
efforts in personal/institutional libraries
empirical:
describes/measures observable pheonomena in a systematic way
planned in advance
8
Empirical often reports method; library doesn't
empirical conducts own research; library compares other people's research
Lore: knowledge that works
11
theory: a belief that is basis for actions
foundational
provides connections/explanations
links mental constructs & observable phenomena
stimulates research
an effective foundation for solving problems
12
research stimluated by 4 kinds of dissonance
clash between beliefs
expectations violated
gap in knowledge
unnotice connections between 2 phenomena
Chapter 3
35
empirical research: "recorded observations of events"
36
ER's biggest advantage: power to persuade
Biggest Disadvantages to ER
36-37
Distrust of numbers/ "numbers can lie"
counter: reduce amount of numbers used
counter: reproducible studies
37
Distrust of researchers/ "find what they're looking for"
38 counter: describe methodology
counter: display awareness of potential bias
38-9
Distrust of Empirical Methods/ "not real world"
counter: use caveats & hedges
39
High costs: time & money
counter: plan carefully
counter: if results counter-intuitive, reexamine them
40-41
Essential characteristics of Empirical Research
planned in advance
data are collected systematically
collected data produces a boddy of evidence that others can examine
41
Purposes & Design principles
Empirical Research oft focuses on these questions:
what details best describe some thing, person, group
qualitative usually used
to what degree are 2 phenomena related
quantitative usually used & qual may be useful
is there a causal relationship
41-42
when collecting/measuring data, remember 2 things
all instruments of measurement are imprecise
control confounding variables
Empirical Research's common categories
42
qualitative: interviews, ethnographeis
43
quantitative
Classification by Data source:
44 Historical studies: work with archives
44 Descriptive studies: preserve natural setting
45-46 Experimental studies: control variables; compare control w/tested group
46-47 meta analysis: integrate data from multiple researchers
Classification by Research Purpose
47-48 Basic research: curiosity; long range goals
48 Applied research: question of immediate concern in a specific area
48 Evaluative: evaluate a procedure or product
49 developmental/instrumental research: build/develop new product
49 action research: find answers while influencing subjects @ same time
1-2
WW II impact on writing
manuals needed for proper operation of gear
influx of GIs into higher ed
4
Rsrch improves communication, builds image of a discipline
6
library based research:
efforts in personal/institutional libraries
empirical:
describes/measures observable pheonomena in a systematic way
planned in advance
8
Empirical often reports method; library doesn't
empirical conducts own research; library compares other people's research
Lore: knowledge that works
11
theory: a belief that is basis for actions
foundational
provides connections/explanations
links mental constructs & observable phenomena
stimulates research
an effective foundation for solving problems
12
research stimluated by 4 kinds of dissonance
clash between beliefs
expectations violated
gap in knowledge
unnotice connections between 2 phenomena
Chapter 3
35
empirical research: "recorded observations of events"
36
ER's biggest advantage: power to persuade
Biggest Disadvantages to ER
36-37
Distrust of numbers/ "numbers can lie"
counter: reduce amount of numbers used
counter: reproducible studies
37
Distrust of researchers/ "find what they're looking for"
38 counter: describe methodology
counter: display awareness of potential bias
38-9
Distrust of Empirical Methods/ "not real world"
counter: use caveats & hedges
39
High costs: time & money
counter: plan carefully
counter: if results counter-intuitive, reexamine them
40-41
Essential characteristics of Empirical Research
planned in advance
data are collected systematically
collected data produces a boddy of evidence that others can examine
41
Purposes & Design principles
Empirical Research oft focuses on these questions:
what details best describe some thing, person, group
qualitative usually used
to what degree are 2 phenomena related
quantitative usually used & qual may be useful
is there a causal relationship
41-42
when collecting/measuring data, remember 2 things
all instruments of measurement are imprecise
control confounding variables
Empirical Research's common categories
42
qualitative: interviews, ethnographeis
43
quantitative
Classification by Data source:
44 Historical studies: work with archives
44 Descriptive studies: preserve natural setting
45-46 Experimental studies: control variables; compare control w/tested group
46-47 meta analysis: integrate data from multiple researchers
Classification by Research Purpose
47-48 Basic research: curiosity; long range goals
48 Applied research: question of immediate concern in a specific area
48 Evaluative: evaluate a procedure or product
49 developmental/instrumental research: build/develop new product
49 action research: find answers while influencing subjects @ same time
Rickly Wk 2 notes STC grant/ Hayhoe Ed/ Wollman Res
STC research grant
51-2 "promote
awareness of the latest trends and technology in the field, and provide
innovative services for the education and professional development of
its members"
$10 k/ 1 year/ produce a paper/ 1 time projects/ members & non-members
research defined: "a controlled activity through which you can learn and
communicate new information to the STC membership."
51-3 process/deadlines
51-4 required sections
funding approval process: concise overview
2 page narrative
prob stmt
lit gap
relate work to ongoing research
expectations from study
summarized expenses
51-5 2 pg CV
51-5 full grant proposal sections
cover
TOC
Abstract
Prob stmt
51-6 lit review
expectations/hypotheses/assumptions
stmt of benefits
objective/research methods
51-7 facilities
deliverables & progress reports
51-8 milestone schedule
cost breakdown
51-9 qualifications/ bibliography
Criteria for evaluating proposals
background/ strength of design/ proposal
51-10 budget/ personal
51-10 Recommendation Process
Researcher's Responsibilities
Attachments: suggested research topics & forms
Hayhoe: Needed Research
141
"we need to investigate how such factors as audience, purpose, rhetorical patterns, and
document design in the rest of the world differ from what we are accustomed
to."
global audience/cultural awareness
what needs do Asian consumers/customers have/need
don't take purpose of documents for granted
need to know how cultures respond to help/ documents differently
142
in different cultures, reports do more than just prove facts
build relationships
establish authority
rhetorical patterns
structures of arguments/reasoning/explanation should adapt to the cultureal expectations
need to learn more about what these patterns are & how to meet them
document design
past focus of research on western readers & creators
not non-Roman alph readers or right-to-left readers
asdf
Wollman: Does Anybody Really Care?
311
"literacy is a process that simultaneously
draws upon and (re)creates social resources
for thinking and communication.
Writing entails revoicing by
appropriating and recontextualizing
social forms and functions for text"
312
"I think we researchers may be far more adept at
posing research questions than we are at
asking ourselves this more fundamental
question about our work and its impact
on others personally and on educational
practice in general."
frame research as a service
313
text as a snapshot
epistimologies of research & practice are very different
philosophy as means of study or means to action
is it really a binary?
314
"Research
even takes on a voice with which
teachers must contend."
Research is often foisted upon teachers.
315
contextualized topics growing out of the classroom vs. decontextualized topics pulled from a book/manual
how can you be of service when your research interest does not meet immediate demands/goals of standards based education (or other similar conundrums)
316
research articles can be applied/leveraged in a variety of way s
"we must free ourselves from the
grip of writing process orthodoxies."
"I suggest that elementary educators should guide children to
write as writing is used to think, solve problems, and get things done in our
world—to write as social practice. This is the only way to empower all children,
regardless of sociocultural and linguistic background, to use writing to participate
in society and to assure they have the linguistic-cultural capital to generate
new genres and, more broadly, to fashion less oppressive social structures.
To put this another way, we must get past the primacy of the personal, so
privileged in writing process approaches, and connect the personal to the public,
to what is socially meaningful and purposeful, if we are to give children
genuine voice and agency as writers."
317
when you do research, there is not a guarantee that the results won't be twisted
Delpit's research
318
educators centering on values/issues which are often not the goal of the project
family literacy vs. grammar errors
assumptions that all kids should seek middle class jobs
319
"Not only is research opportunistically embraced and facilely reinterpreted
when it is useful to policy makers or politicians who may not trust teachers
and children, or who approach them with patronizing good intentions; even
when educators care about research and its classroom application, they may
distort research findings as they attempt to enact them, resulting in what Dewey
would call miseducative experiences (1938)."
320
must ask who will be affected by our research and how
try and let research sprout from interests
321
often researchers can miss practical issues
322
use research as a way to see what is possible or desirable
323
research as social action by witnessing and documenting what is going on
324
research as service: enacting caring
don't do work that will hurt kids
"Research as praxis means that theory and practice, action
and deliberate reflection, meet in a dialogical relationship in the process of
carrying out any inquiry, not just in the research report. Such research is not
only grounded in, but is also intricately intertwined with practice, with teachers’
work and thinking."
"It will not be imposed on school people but engaged in
with and for participants. It will not use classrooms, teachers, children, and families
as spaces to do research but, I believe, it will reflect researchers’ caring
for and openness to all connected to and impacted by their work. It may,
therefore, represent research as service."
51-2 "promote
awareness of the latest trends and technology in the field, and provide
innovative services for the education and professional development of
its members"
$10 k/ 1 year/ produce a paper/ 1 time projects/ members & non-members
research defined: "a controlled activity through which you can learn and
communicate new information to the STC membership."
51-3 process/deadlines
51-4 required sections
funding approval process: concise overview
2 page narrative
prob stmt
lit gap
relate work to ongoing research
expectations from study
summarized expenses
51-5 2 pg CV
51-5 full grant proposal sections
cover
TOC
Abstract
Prob stmt
51-6 lit review
expectations/hypotheses/assumptions
stmt of benefits
objective/research methods
51-7 facilities
deliverables & progress reports
51-8 milestone schedule
cost breakdown
51-9 qualifications/ bibliography
Criteria for evaluating proposals
background/ strength of design/ proposal
51-10 budget/ personal
51-10 Recommendation Process
Researcher's Responsibilities
Attachments: suggested research topics & forms
Hayhoe: Needed Research
141
"we need to investigate how such factors as audience, purpose, rhetorical patterns, and
document design in the rest of the world differ from what we are accustomed
to."
global audience/cultural awareness
what needs do Asian consumers/customers have/need
don't take purpose of documents for granted
need to know how cultures respond to help/ documents differently
142
in different cultures, reports do more than just prove facts
build relationships
establish authority
rhetorical patterns
structures of arguments/reasoning/explanation should adapt to the cultureal expectations
need to learn more about what these patterns are & how to meet them
document design
past focus of research on western readers & creators
not non-Roman alph readers or right-to-left readers
asdf
Wollman: Does Anybody Really Care?
311
"literacy is a process that simultaneously
draws upon and (re)creates social resources
for thinking and communication.
Writing entails revoicing by
appropriating and recontextualizing
social forms and functions for text"
312
"I think we researchers may be far more adept at
posing research questions than we are at
asking ourselves this more fundamental
question about our work and its impact
on others personally and on educational
practice in general."
frame research as a service
313
text as a snapshot
epistimologies of research & practice are very different
philosophy as means of study or means to action
is it really a binary?
314
"Research
even takes on a voice with which
teachers must contend."
Research is often foisted upon teachers.
315
contextualized topics growing out of the classroom vs. decontextualized topics pulled from a book/manual
how can you be of service when your research interest does not meet immediate demands/goals of standards based education (or other similar conundrums)
316
research articles can be applied/leveraged in a variety of way s
"we must free ourselves from the
grip of writing process orthodoxies."
"I suggest that elementary educators should guide children to
write as writing is used to think, solve problems, and get things done in our
world—to write as social practice. This is the only way to empower all children,
regardless of sociocultural and linguistic background, to use writing to participate
in society and to assure they have the linguistic-cultural capital to generate
new genres and, more broadly, to fashion less oppressive social structures.
To put this another way, we must get past the primacy of the personal, so
privileged in writing process approaches, and connect the personal to the public,
to what is socially meaningful and purposeful, if we are to give children
genuine voice and agency as writers."
317
when you do research, there is not a guarantee that the results won't be twisted
Delpit's research
318
educators centering on values/issues which are often not the goal of the project
family literacy vs. grammar errors
assumptions that all kids should seek middle class jobs
319
"Not only is research opportunistically embraced and facilely reinterpreted
when it is useful to policy makers or politicians who may not trust teachers
and children, or who approach them with patronizing good intentions; even
when educators care about research and its classroom application, they may
distort research findings as they attempt to enact them, resulting in what Dewey
would call miseducative experiences (1938)."
320
must ask who will be affected by our research and how
try and let research sprout from interests
321
often researchers can miss practical issues
322
use research as a way to see what is possible or desirable
323
research as social action by witnessing and documenting what is going on
324
research as service: enacting caring
don't do work that will hurt kids
"Research as praxis means that theory and practice, action
and deliberate reflection, meet in a dialogical relationship in the process of
carrying out any inquiry, not just in the research report. Such research is not
only grounded in, but is also intricately intertwined with practice, with teachers’
work and thinking."
"It will not be imposed on school people but engaged in
with and for participants. It will not use classrooms, teachers, children, and families
as spaces to do research but, I believe, it will reflect researchers’ caring
for and openness to all connected to and impacted by their work. It may,
therefore, represent research as service."
Rickly IRB forms notes
Claim for Exemption
can't start collecting data until claim is approved
Kids are way too hard
box 2: survey
aa: subject cann't be identified directly or through identifiers
box 3 b: they are recorded by investigator so that subjects can't be id
Consent form Example 1
Intro study/ name/ contact
Purpose of study
How it's constructed
question/warning
compensation for study
what happens to data
free will--no obligation
any questions
Consent form Ex 2
invitation/ who's running it/ contact info
purpose
explanation
summary
risks
benefits
confidentiality
rights & consent
contact information
if injury caused
Consent Form Instructions
2 steps: consent process & consent form
must have WHAT they'll be informed of
7th grade reading level
not to protect researcher
written in2nd person
no standard form; whatever format works best for participant's understanding
1 copy must be given to subject & 1 copy kept by researcher for 3 years past end of IRB approval
Cover Sheet
checklist
get PI contact info
Dr. Rickly
Expedited Review Form
minimal risk
1. drugs NOT
2. blood samples NOT
3. bio specimens NOT
4. data via non invasive (sensors, ekg, etc) NOT
5. involving materials (data, docs, records) for non-research purposes like treatment NOT
6. collection of data from voice, dig, vid, image--THINK SO--for res. purposes
7. group behavior using interview, oral, focus group quality assumrance WHAT ABOUT SURVEY?
OHRPR regs
pg 2 how regs apply & to whom
pg 3 46.102 def of research & other terms
pg 4 have IRBs so people follow rules
pg 5 IRB membership, functions, & review of RSRCH
pg 5 process for expedited review & criteria for approval of RSRCH
This IS important
pg 6 cooperative research/ IRB records/ gen req for informed consent
important in terms of structure
looks/reads much like a rules/pattern for writing the doc
pg 7 Doc of informed consent/ apps lacking plans to involve humans
pg 8 Rsrch supported by a Fed Dept/ Agnecy/ Fed Funds
pg 8-10 pregnant women, fetuses, neonates in research
pg 10-11 prisoners
pg 11-12 children
Proposal Format
Rationale
Subjects
Procedures
Adverse events/liability
Consent
Attachments
Required Elements
checklist
specific statements that must be present
Short Form Consent
used when investigator can't be sure that a signed consent is understood well enough
more relevant to complex surveys research and/or ones related to health
Waiver of Written Consent: this seems viable/useful
usable if only record in research is the consent form & greatest potential harm is loss of confidentiality
Waiver or Alteration
waiver/alteration of consent requires specific findings
justification should be self-eficent
1 minimal risk to subjects
2. waiver does not neg impact rights/welfare of subjects
3. research cannot be done without waiver/alteration
4. if pertinent, subs will get more information
can't start collecting data until claim is approved
Kids are way too hard
box 2: survey
aa: subject cann't be identified directly or through identifiers
box 3 b: they are recorded by investigator so that subjects can't be id
Consent form Example 1
Intro study/ name/ contact
Purpose of study
How it's constructed
question/warning
compensation for study
what happens to data
free will--no obligation
any questions
Consent form Ex 2
invitation/ who's running it/ contact info
purpose
explanation
summary
risks
benefits
confidentiality
rights & consent
contact information
if injury caused
Consent Form Instructions
2 steps: consent process & consent form
must have WHAT they'll be informed of
7th grade reading level
not to protect researcher
written in2nd person
no standard form; whatever format works best for participant's understanding
1 copy must be given to subject & 1 copy kept by researcher for 3 years past end of IRB approval
Cover Sheet
checklist
get PI contact info
Dr. Rickly
Expedited Review Form
minimal risk
1. drugs NOT
2. blood samples NOT
3. bio specimens NOT
4. data via non invasive (sensors, ekg, etc) NOT
5. involving materials (data, docs, records) for non-research purposes like treatment NOT
6. collection of data from voice, dig, vid, image--THINK SO--for res. purposes
7. group behavior using interview, oral, focus group quality assumrance WHAT ABOUT SURVEY?
OHRPR regs
pg 2 how regs apply & to whom
pg 3 46.102 def of research & other terms
pg 4 have IRBs so people follow rules
pg 5 IRB membership, functions, & review of RSRCH
pg 5 process for expedited review & criteria for approval of RSRCH
This IS important
pg 6 cooperative research/ IRB records/ gen req for informed consent
important in terms of structure
looks/reads much like a rules/pattern for writing the doc
pg 7 Doc of informed consent/ apps lacking plans to involve humans
pg 8 Rsrch supported by a Fed Dept/ Agnecy/ Fed Funds
pg 8-10 pregnant women, fetuses, neonates in research
pg 10-11 prisoners
pg 11-12 children
Proposal Format
Rationale
Subjects
Procedures
Adverse events/liability
Consent
Attachments
Required Elements
checklist
specific statements that must be present
Short Form Consent
used when investigator can't be sure that a signed consent is understood well enough
more relevant to complex surveys research and/or ones related to health
Waiver of Written Consent: this seems viable/useful
usable if only record in research is the consent form & greatest potential harm is loss of confidentiality
Waiver or Alteration
waiver/alteration of consent requires specific findings
justification should be self-eficent
1 minimal risk to subjects
2. waiver does not neg impact rights/welfare of subjects
3. research cannot be done without waiver/alteration
4. if pertinent, subs will get more information
Spilka: Resarch Instruction/ Rickly Jr Rev
Spilka, Rachel
Practitioner Research Instruction: A Neglected Curricular Area in Technical Communication Undergraduate Programs
JBTC 2009; 23; 216
216
circa 65% UG programs in TC do minimal/no research training
217
given rsrch's importance in field, this neglects the vital role of research
practitioner research defined
"any type of research conducted by technical communicators
as part of either their routine or their specialized job responsibilities."
"this type of research as a core job activity"
217-18
methods:
collection of data in workplace
collection of info in libraries, databases, on internet
observations
interviews
surveys
focus groups
usability tests
experiments
218-219
"Practitioner research is so integral to communication in industry that it is difficult to imagine a technical communicator functioning well without doing research or knowing how to do research competently"
219
not having reseach skills is a professional disadvantage
219-220
in spite of industry's valuing of research, undergrad tching ignores it
221
even though many grad students get good research trng, most UGs do not return to do grad work, so if they are going to be trained in doing research for TC, it should happen in UG work
221-222
method description
analysis of websites
centered on 60
223
discussion of secondary research questions
looked at course descriptions & research methods offered
224
FINDINGS
Is the Word Research (or Are Related Words) Mentioned or
Featured in a Web Site Program Description?
rarely mentioned
may be present but not called research
may be used but not actually be present
225
Is Any Research Training Available in an Institution’s
Undergraduate Program?
only at 35%
225-226
If Research Training Is Available (in a Program or College), Is It
Available in Required Courses or in Electives?
figure on 227
227
What Types of Research Training and Courses Are Available in
Undergraduate Programs That Offer Some Research
Instruction?
list of varying & included research methods
228
examples of variation in research training
228-229
possible contributors to the problem
"Most practitioner research is invisible to academics"
discussed up thru 230
230
"Academics might assume that research is an advanced skill that belongs
in graduate training"
231
discussed further on
"Academics might lack knowledge about practitioner research and feel
unqualified to teach it."
"A variety of institutional constraints, in programs at the undergraduate
level in particular, can discourage academics from offering research
training"
231
Most UGs new to the field are often doing research w/in a few months of arrival
232
Suggested next steps
“The most important goal is to give research training more presence and
priority in an undergraduate program so that this critical area of instruction
is not ignored or underrepresented.”
Research is a fundamental part of what TCers do
ID ways to alter UG TC programs to fit this
233
Require UG research
Include a variety of methods as options
Try and have Ss conduct their own studies
Expose Ss to politics of research
234
Make research a priority
Practitioner Research Instruction: A Neglected Curricular Area in Technical Communication Undergraduate Programs
JBTC 2009; 23; 216
216
circa 65% UG programs in TC do minimal/no research training
217
given rsrch's importance in field, this neglects the vital role of research
practitioner research defined
"any type of research conducted by technical communicators
as part of either their routine or their specialized job responsibilities."
"this type of research as a core job activity"
217-18
methods:
collection of data in workplace
collection of info in libraries, databases, on internet
observations
interviews
surveys
focus groups
usability tests
experiments
218-219
"Practitioner research is so integral to communication in industry that it is difficult to imagine a technical communicator functioning well without doing research or knowing how to do research competently"
219
not having reseach skills is a professional disadvantage
219-220
in spite of industry's valuing of research, undergrad tching ignores it
221
even though many grad students get good research trng, most UGs do not return to do grad work, so if they are going to be trained in doing research for TC, it should happen in UG work
221-222
method description
analysis of websites
centered on 60
223
discussion of secondary research questions
looked at course descriptions & research methods offered
224
FINDINGS
Is the Word Research (or Are Related Words) Mentioned or
Featured in a Web Site Program Description?
rarely mentioned
may be present but not called research
may be used but not actually be present
225
Is Any Research Training Available in an Institution’s
Undergraduate Program?
only at 35%
225-226
If Research Training Is Available (in a Program or College), Is It
Available in Required Courses or in Electives?
figure on 227
227
What Types of Research Training and Courses Are Available in
Undergraduate Programs That Offer Some Research
Instruction?
list of varying & included research methods
228
examples of variation in research training
228-229
possible contributors to the problem
"Most practitioner research is invisible to academics"
discussed up thru 230
230
"Academics might assume that research is an advanced skill that belongs
in graduate training"
231
discussed further on
"Academics might lack knowledge about practitioner research and feel
unqualified to teach it."
"A variety of institutional constraints, in programs at the undergraduate
level in particular, can discourage academics from offering research
training"
231
Most UGs new to the field are often doing research w/in a few months of arrival
232
Suggested next steps
“The most important goal is to give research training more presence and
priority in an undergraduate program so that this critical area of instruction
is not ignored or underrepresented.”
Research is a fundamental part of what TCers do
ID ways to alter UG TC programs to fit this
233
Require UG research
Include a variety of methods as options
Try and have Ss conduct their own studies
Expose Ss to politics of research
234
Make research a priority
5372 Winsor Rdg Notes
Winsor
Engineering Writing/ Writing Engineering
341
acknolwedges lack of sci method
342
"knowledge is constructed in the interplay between nature and the symbol systems we use to structure & interpret it (references Bazerman).
engineers often seen texts as just write-ups of other info
study focuses on the writing patterns of an individual experienced PhD engineer
343
texts are interpreted in order to become engineering knowledge (quote)
refers to Latour & how objective of lab research is to generate documents/inscription
"[T]he textual construction of knowledge is social in nature because each document must convince other people of its validity in order to be accepted as knowledge."
"For the technologies, writing is a means to the end of producing an object. Knowledge is built for this end, rather than valued for itself."
Winsor argues that while it is not final product, it is way that knowledge is created
344
papers often draw not on lab results but on the reports others have written up
documents produced by looking at other documents
document authority is not same as usefulness
345
graphs as compared to visual texts
both are important
written texts are present throughout entire process
345-346
knowledge of the document is considered to be knowledge of the thing
believing the document as valuable as knowiing the thing is akin to confusing the sign for the signaled, no?
346
Eng. see reports as means to present facts while the author argues they are a means of generating a community, profession, and knowledge
inclusion of recommendations in spite of it being to lat as example (247)
347
structure of reports & inclusion of additional material is often not for other readers
more to match their own ideas/notions of self/performance of their role
348
in the creation of self through text, the communities have a stake in what the members do as well
349
writing is what engineers do
engineers often resist idea that writing mediates what they do
scientists do not have a special way of knowing; instead, they use means, writing, open to the rest of us
all knowledge is mediated
Engineering Writing/ Writing Engineering
341
acknolwedges lack of sci method
342
"knowledge is constructed in the interplay between nature and the symbol systems we use to structure & interpret it (references Bazerman).
engineers often seen texts as just write-ups of other info
study focuses on the writing patterns of an individual experienced PhD engineer
343
texts are interpreted in order to become engineering knowledge (quote)
refers to Latour & how objective of lab research is to generate documents/inscription
"[T]he textual construction of knowledge is social in nature because each document must convince other people of its validity in order to be accepted as knowledge."
"For the technologies, writing is a means to the end of producing an object. Knowledge is built for this end, rather than valued for itself."
Winsor argues that while it is not final product, it is way that knowledge is created
344
papers often draw not on lab results but on the reports others have written up
documents produced by looking at other documents
document authority is not same as usefulness
345
graphs as compared to visual texts
both are important
written texts are present throughout entire process
345-346
knowledge of the document is considered to be knowledge of the thing
believing the document as valuable as knowiing the thing is akin to confusing the sign for the signaled, no?
346
Eng. see reports as means to present facts while the author argues they are a means of generating a community, profession, and knowledge
inclusion of recommendations in spite of it being to lat as example (247)
347
structure of reports & inclusion of additional material is often not for other readers
more to match their own ideas/notions of self/performance of their role
348
in the creation of self through text, the communities have a stake in what the members do as well
349
writing is what engineers do
engineers often resist idea that writing mediates what they do
scientists do not have a special way of knowing; instead, they use means, writing, open to the rest of us
all knowledge is mediated
Thursday, August 27, 2009
Kemp's Top Ten Thinkers
Last spring, I asked Fred who he thought the top ten thinkers were. I just wanted to know because Geertz and Lanham are mind-blowing. I figured, if FK dropped those bombs in my lap, I'd be happy to encounter a few more.
Here's the list he shared with me:
I'm posting it here because I keep going back to this and am afraid I'll lose track.
Here's the list he shared with me:
Besides Geertz and Lanham, I would include Seymour Papert (Mindstorms), Nicholas Negroponte (Being Digital), Ilya Prigogene (The End of Certainty), Jerome Bruner (Actual Minds, Possible Worlds), Richard Rorty (Philosophy and the Mirror of a Nature), Thomas Kuhn (The Structure of Scientific Revolutions), Wayne Booth (The Rhetoric of Rhetoric), and Katherine Hayles (Writing Machines).
I'm posting it here because I keep going back to this and am afraid I'll lose track.
Goubil Practitioner's Guide notes
Goubil-Gambrell, Patricia
A Practitioner's Guide to Research Methods
582
quant's strength: ability to describe cause-effect
qual strength: depiction of subjects in actual setting
research methodology in Rhet COmp not widely understood
583
links to MacNealy article we just read
more cites on how/why research in TC is so important
two goals of article: ID main types of methodology business & tech writing; second, help folks in TC understand the difference in the methodologies
omitting methodology unfortunately common but causes some issues
583-4
empirical methods: quant & qual
584
2 other methods in Eng Dept
scholarly inquiry and Practitioner inquiry
quant: establish cause/effect
qual: descriptive
scholarly inquiry: goal is dialectic, confront opposing view
practitioner inquiry: goal is to report/tell story of how a person handled a specific situation
585
generalization a big issue
quant characteristics:
random sampling/select of subjects
intro of a treatment
use of control group
quasi experimental method
subjects are not random
researcher will use intact groups
(this sounds like a lot of comp/TC research)
random samples can be stratified
in quasi-exp, groups not random so R must pull on power of exp method to show grps are comparable
PRE-TEST
586
Five points to examine hypothesis' quality
conceptually clear & concepts defined operationally
have empirical referents, not value judgments
be specific to determin if testable
related to available testing techniques
related to a body of theory
Two kinds of stats
descriptive: describe data in orderly fasion (mean, meidian, mode)
inferential infer relationships
Causes manifest in 4 ways
in a sequence to produce effect
converge/cluster to produce effect
single cause may disperse into many areas
all three may occur & create a complex net of causes & effects
587
indie variable: cause of something in a relationship; treatment in a experiment--activity that will make a difference in the outcome
dependent variable: effect is change/difference that is the result of changing the indie variaable
validity: does experiment measure what it says it will
internal: change in dep var actually result of ind variable
external: results are generalizable to other groups
Reliability: whether experiment precisely measure a single dimension of human ability
quant issues
isolated variables--not realistic
other variables are eliminated
587
char of qual research
case study: small group or individual
ethnographic study: whole environment in which folks function as communicatiors
588
in qual, subjects not random
extreme case sampling: subjects are unusual
intensity: have skill/ability, but not best
maximum variation: what common patterns emerge from diverse groups
in qual, no treatment
no isolation of variables
purpose in qual is to identify salient features/variable
giving a treatment would interfere
in qual, researcher usually participates
589
triangulation important: reduces bias & helps validate 7 verify data
data
methods
researcher
theory
judging a qual study
data coll methods explicit
data used to document analytic constructs
neg instances of findings are shown/accounted for
biases discussed
strategies for data collection/analysis are clear
field decisions that change approach are documents
competing hypotheses presented/discussed
data preserved
participants truthfulness assessed
theoretical sig & gernalizability made explicity
pro/con of qual research
pro: depicts writing situations as they are
con: thus they cannot be generalized because it's not randomized
590
develop methodological literacy
Qual can be judged by 4 constructs
credibility of study
transferability of conclusion
dependability
confirmability
A Practitioner's Guide to Research Methods
582
quant's strength: ability to describe cause-effect
qual strength: depiction of subjects in actual setting
research methodology in Rhet COmp not widely understood
583
links to MacNealy article we just read
more cites on how/why research in TC is so important
two goals of article: ID main types of methodology business & tech writing; second, help folks in TC understand the difference in the methodologies
omitting methodology unfortunately common but causes some issues
583-4
empirical methods: quant & qual
584
2 other methods in Eng Dept
scholarly inquiry and Practitioner inquiry
quant: establish cause/effect
qual: descriptive
scholarly inquiry: goal is dialectic, confront opposing view
practitioner inquiry: goal is to report/tell story of how a person handled a specific situation
585
generalization a big issue
quant characteristics:
random sampling/select of subjects
intro of a treatment
use of control group
quasi experimental method
subjects are not random
researcher will use intact groups
(this sounds like a lot of comp/TC research)
random samples can be stratified
in quasi-exp, groups not random so R must pull on power of exp method to show grps are comparable
PRE-TEST
586
Five points to examine hypothesis' quality
conceptually clear & concepts defined operationally
have empirical referents, not value judgments
be specific to determin if testable
related to available testing techniques
related to a body of theory
Two kinds of stats
descriptive: describe data in orderly fasion (mean, meidian, mode)
inferential infer relationships
Causes manifest in 4 ways
in a sequence to produce effect
converge/cluster to produce effect
single cause may disperse into many areas
all three may occur & create a complex net of causes & effects
587
indie variable: cause of something in a relationship; treatment in a experiment--activity that will make a difference in the outcome
dependent variable: effect is change/difference that is the result of changing the indie variaable
validity: does experiment measure what it says it will
internal: change in dep var actually result of ind variable
external: results are generalizable to other groups
Reliability: whether experiment precisely measure a single dimension of human ability
quant issues
isolated variables--not realistic
other variables are eliminated
587
char of qual research
case study: small group or individual
ethnographic study: whole environment in which folks function as communicatiors
588
in qual, subjects not random
extreme case sampling: subjects are unusual
intensity: have skill/ability, but not best
maximum variation: what common patterns emerge from diverse groups
in qual, no treatment
no isolation of variables
purpose in qual is to identify salient features/variable
giving a treatment would interfere
in qual, researcher usually participates
589
triangulation important: reduces bias & helps validate 7 verify data
data
methods
researcher
theory
judging a qual study
data coll methods explicit
data used to document analytic constructs
neg instances of findings are shown/accounted for
biases discussed
strategies for data collection/analysis are clear
field decisions that change approach are documents
competing hypotheses presented/discussed
data preserved
participants truthfulness assessed
theoretical sig & gernalizability made explicity
pro/con of qual research
pro: depicts writing situations as they are
con: thus they cannot be generalized because it's not randomized
590
develop methodological literacy
Qual can be judged by 4 constructs
credibility of study
transferability of conclusion
dependability
confirmability
Wednesday, August 26, 2009
Systems for All notes
Systems for All
4
Kuhn's definition of a scientific crisis: when even best professional practices prove inadequate to solve important problem
paradigm: comprehensive conceptual & methodological framework
expertise: knowing something
awareness: knowing about something
specialist focuses on his discipline's methods of solution rather than the problem
[Tech Comm as systems profession?]
9
product/process modeling and model based measurement
13
problem: difficult question without an answer
problem solution: search for an answer to that questions
14
problem: difference between present and required state of an entity
15
need to know:
characteristics of present state
characteristics of desire state
target solution's date
budget
19
first step of problem solving process is if observer & recipient mental images agree
4
Kuhn's definition of a scientific crisis: when even best professional practices prove inadequate to solve important problem
paradigm: comprehensive conceptual & methodological framework
expertise: knowing something
awareness: knowing about something
specialist focuses on his discipline's methods of solution rather than the problem
[Tech Comm as systems profession?]
9
product/process modeling and model based measurement
13
problem: difficult question without an answer
problem solution: search for an answer to that questions
14
problem: difference between present and required state of an entity
15
need to know:
characteristics of present state
characteristics of desire state
target solution's date
budget
19
first step of problem solving process is if observer & recipient mental images agree
Shirky: Here Comes Everyone notes
Shirky, Clay
Here Comes Everyone notes
22
most barriers to group action have collapsed
31
social technology/media enable sharing that's been too costly in the past
39
tools that facilitate self-synchronization of otherwise latent groups
49-53
sharing -> cooperation -> collaboration -> collective action
53
free rider solutions:
privatize commons or mutual coercian (governance/taxes)
Here Comes Everyone notes
22
most barriers to group action have collapsed
31
social technology/media enable sharing that's been too costly in the past
39
tools that facilitate self-synchronization of otherwise latent groups
49-53
sharing -> cooperation -> collaboration -> collective action
53
free rider solutions:
privatize commons or mutual coercian (governance/taxes)
Agamben: Means w/out End notes
notes from Means w/out End
Forms of Life (by para #)
zoe: simple fact of living
bios: form/manner of living peculiar to a single individual or group
forms of life: a life wthat can't be separated from its form
2 for a FoL, the way of living is living itself
3 political power founded on separation of naked life from forms of life
Forms of Life (by para #)
zoe: simple fact of living
bios: form/manner of living peculiar to a single individual or group
forms of life: a life wthat can't be separated from its form
2 for a FoL, the way of living is living itself
3 political power founded on separation of naked life from forms of life
Biocomputing & Bioinformatics loose notes
Laplante, P
Biocomputing
intro
vii Bioinformatics largely focuses on the analysis, prediction, imaging and sequencing of genes; broader field of Biocomputing includes study of biological models of computing using traditional materials, genomic modeling and visualizes biomaterials for non-traditional computer designs and computer architecture
Xiong, Jin
Essential Bioinformatics
3 Bioinformatics: quantitative analysis of information relating to biological macromolecules w/comptuers
4 Bioinformatics: interdisciplinary research area @ interface of computer sicence and biological sciences
4 Bioinfo limited to sequence, structural and functional analysis of genes
5 computational biology more theoretical development of algorithms used for bio info
GOAL of BioInfo
5 better understand a living cell and how it functions at the molecular level
Database
10 knowledge discovery--identification of connections between pieces of information that were not known when information was first entered
akin to protocol
how things relate vs. how they interact
11 relational db:
use table, column (field), rows (values)
columns are
object oriented db's
object: unit that combines data and routines that act on that data
Relational DBs
12 don't describe complex hierarchical relationship
31 sequence comparison at heart of BI analysis
Biocomputing
intro
vii Bioinformatics largely focuses on the analysis, prediction, imaging and sequencing of genes; broader field of Biocomputing includes study of biological models of computing using traditional materials, genomic modeling and visualizes biomaterials for non-traditional computer designs and computer architecture
Xiong, Jin
Essential Bioinformatics
3 Bioinformatics: quantitative analysis of information relating to biological macromolecules w/comptuers
4 Bioinformatics: interdisciplinary research area @ interface of computer sicence and biological sciences
4 Bioinfo limited to sequence, structural and functional analysis of genes
5 computational biology more theoretical development of algorithms used for bio info
GOAL of BioInfo
5 better understand a living cell and how it functions at the molecular level
Database
10 knowledge discovery--identification of connections between pieces of information that were not known when information was first entered
akin to protocol
how things relate vs. how they interact
11 relational db:
use table, column (field), rows (values)
columns are
object oriented db's
object: unit that combines data and routines that act on that data
Relational DBs
12 don't describe complex hierarchical relationship
31 sequence comparison at heart of BI analysis
Blakeslee: State of Research in TC notes
Blakeslee, Ann
State of Research in Tech Comm 2004
Overall analysis of opinions of quality & consistency in research (74).
Offer plan of action to improve field (74)
List of sources/experts (74-75)
Our Approach to Research Needs to Be Consistent,
Systematic, and Thorough (76)
We Need to Build a Coherent Body of Knowledge (76)
too few people are working on complementary research questions leading to a coherent
body of knowledge on certain topics (76)
Because learning from the past is a vital means of moving
forward and maturing, the field could benefit from a greater effort to identify
what is valuable in existing research and to either replicate or respond to studies already
completed. (77)
We Need Agreement About Key Questions for the Field 77
one particular area where we need to define more and better questions
is in relation to industry
We Need Less Thinking and Talking About Research and More Doing I 78
The shared perception is that too much of our scholarship (and publication)
is based on introspection and philosophizing. 78
We Benefit From But Should Be Careful About Borrowing Methods From Other Fields 79
Spinuzzi, for example, points out that we have not consistently explored the methodological implications of mixing
and matching approaches. Dragga also cautions against ill-informed borrowing
and adaptation of methods. 79
The consensus, therefore seems to be that our field benefits from the wide variety of methods available to it and from the discussions and explorations of these methods that have occurred in
other fields. 79-80
We Need to Be Aware of Which Research Methods We Use and How We Use Them 80
We Need More Consistent, Systematic, and Extensive Training in Methods 81
According to participants,
we need, as a field, to identify and agree on basic research competencies and
then to ensure that we train students in those competencies in our programs. One potential
problem in this regard is that the faculty preparing doctoral students may not
themselves be well prepared in empirical methods. 81
RELATIONSHIPS WITH PRACTITIONERS AND WITH OTHER DISCIPLINES 82
Because technical communicators do not, by definition, work in isolation, the field needs to ensure the vitality and quality of (1) the academic-practitioner relationship within technical
communication and (2) the field’s relationship with other, related disciplines. 82
We Need to Improve the Academic-Practitioner Relationship Within Our Field 82
Academics need to improve efforts to show the relevance of their research
to industry. 83
If more technical communicators could produce
similar types of publications that synthesize research—both in our own and
in related fields—in a way that practitioners find accessible and relevant, we could
make significant strides in showing practitioners the potential value of academic
research to their work. 83
We need to provide more opportunities for academics to interact with
practitioners and to collaborate on joint projects 83
We need to overcome differences between academics and practitioners
to facilitate collaboration between the two worlds 84
We Also Need to Improve Our Relationship with Other Fields 85
We need to encourage continued collegiality with those in related
fields.
We need to give top priority to overcoming differences and discovering
commonalities between our field and related fields, especially other technology
fields.
We need to generate more opportunities for cross-disciplinary collaborations. 85
Recognition, Support, and Resources 86
We need to disseminate our research findings broadly and increase
readership of our journals 86
Academics need to affiliate with organizations in related fields and increase
their involvement both in those organizations and on key committees
both internal and external to their institutions 87
Practitioners also need to find ways to increase leverage within their domains
to produce quality outcomes. 87
We need both internal and external support and funding 88
PROPOSED PLAN OF ACTION FOR OUR FIELD 89
Step One: Expand Our Problem Definition and Vision 89
Step Two: Develop Concrete Solutions 90
Step Three: Implement and Evaluate 90
State of Research in Tech Comm 2004
Overall analysis of opinions of quality & consistency in research (74).
Offer plan of action to improve field (74)
List of sources/experts (74-75)
Our Approach to Research Needs to Be Consistent,
Systematic, and Thorough (76)
We Need to Build a Coherent Body of Knowledge (76)
too few people are working on complementary research questions leading to a coherent
body of knowledge on certain topics (76)
Because learning from the past is a vital means of moving
forward and maturing, the field could benefit from a greater effort to identify
what is valuable in existing research and to either replicate or respond to studies already
completed. (77)
We Need Agreement About Key Questions for the Field 77
one particular area where we need to define more and better questions
is in relation to industry
We Need Less Thinking and Talking About Research and More Doing I 78
The shared perception is that too much of our scholarship (and publication)
is based on introspection and philosophizing. 78
We Benefit From But Should Be Careful About Borrowing Methods From Other Fields 79
Spinuzzi, for example, points out that we have not consistently explored the methodological implications of mixing
and matching approaches. Dragga also cautions against ill-informed borrowing
and adaptation of methods. 79
The consensus, therefore seems to be that our field benefits from the wide variety of methods available to it and from the discussions and explorations of these methods that have occurred in
other fields. 79-80
We Need to Be Aware of Which Research Methods We Use and How We Use Them 80
We Need More Consistent, Systematic, and Extensive Training in Methods 81
According to participants,
we need, as a field, to identify and agree on basic research competencies and
then to ensure that we train students in those competencies in our programs. One potential
problem in this regard is that the faculty preparing doctoral students may not
themselves be well prepared in empirical methods. 81
RELATIONSHIPS WITH PRACTITIONERS AND WITH OTHER DISCIPLINES 82
Because technical communicators do not, by definition, work in isolation, the field needs to ensure the vitality and quality of (1) the academic-practitioner relationship within technical
communication and (2) the field’s relationship with other, related disciplines. 82
We Need to Improve the Academic-Practitioner Relationship Within Our Field 82
Academics need to improve efforts to show the relevance of their research
to industry. 83
If more technical communicators could produce
similar types of publications that synthesize research—both in our own and
in related fields—in a way that practitioners find accessible and relevant, we could
make significant strides in showing practitioners the potential value of academic
research to their work. 83
We need to provide more opportunities for academics to interact with
practitioners and to collaborate on joint projects 83
We need to overcome differences between academics and practitioners
to facilitate collaboration between the two worlds 84
We Also Need to Improve Our Relationship with Other Fields 85
We need to encourage continued collegiality with those in related
fields.
We need to give top priority to overcoming differences and discovering
commonalities between our field and related fields, especially other technology
fields.
We need to generate more opportunities for cross-disciplinary collaborations. 85
Recognition, Support, and Resources 86
We need to disseminate our research findings broadly and increase
readership of our journals 86
Academics need to affiliate with organizations in related fields and increase
their involvement both in those organizations and on key committees
both internal and external to their institutions 87
Practitioners also need to find ways to increase leverage within their domains
to produce quality outcomes. 87
We need both internal and external support and funding 88
PROPOSED PLAN OF ACTION FOR OUR FIELD 89
Step One: Expand Our Problem Definition and Vision 89
Step Two: Develop Concrete Solutions 90
Step Three: Implement and Evaluate 90
Saturday, June 13, 2009
Susan Sontag's Illness & Disability
I wanted to use Sontag in my Monday caucus, but there's not enough room/time. She reminded me of how much I love theory.
These are free-flow drafts to play with ideas and get a sense of the landscape.
Sontag, Susan Illness as Metaphor
1989 Anchor Books
3
"My point is not physical illness itself but the uses of illness as a figure or metaphor. My point is that illness is not a metaphor, and that the most truthful way of regarding illness--and the healthiest way of being ill--is one most purified of, most resistant to, metaphoric thinking."
7
"The solution is hardly to stop telling cancer patients the truth, but to rectify the conception of the disease, to de-mythicize it."
I love this, and it seems like this is potential approach to handling and working with disA in a meaningful and healthy way to approach it. It also provides a way for non-disA folks to engage with the content in potentially meaningful ways.
Engage and discuss it, and you take away the stigma from it. Look at ads for Erectile Dysfunction: who in the 1970s would have thought a Senator would or could run an ad for ED? And it happened in the 90s. Why not assume we can have the same approach , but in a useful way, towards disA where a frank discussion is designed to lower the stigma and emotional gutting which terms like this often cause?
AIDS and Its Metaphors
1989 Anchor Books
100
"Twelve years ago, when I became a cancer patient, what particularly enraged me--and distracted me from my own terror and despair at my doctors' gloomy prognosis--was seeing how much the very reputation of this illness added to the suffering of those who have it."
How much of this do we see in disability? This mirrors much of the discussion about self-image disempowerment, etc. [I don't have my DSR or my notes with me, else I'd name drop] that we've read about. The very reputation of disability, the very power of the word changes how we deal with people.
Similar with passing--for disability or queerness, and now for health. We can't let people know that we're sick. We do not even want to name it. If we do, then we summon up all the power that is associated with it.
Perhaps this is one of the reasons why people are constantly changing names for disorders, diseases, and social problems--they are constantly trying to shift, to dodge, to avoid the stigma and associations that are connected to a specific word or intention.
119
"From the beginning the construction of the illness had depended upon on notions that separated one group of people from another--the sick from the well, people with ARc from people with AIdS, them and us--while implying the imminent dissolution of these distinctions."
Again, substitute in disability for illness, and how much difference is there? The domination of medicalization is incredible.
133
"The most feared diseases, those that are not simply fatal but transform the body into something alienating, like leprosy and syphilis and cholera and (in the imagination of many) cancer, are the ones that seem particularly susceptible to promotion to "plague.""
I wonder if we could take this short text and then explore how people react with they see disabled folks in chairs, having seizures, or with bodies that act outside of their control. As one of the DSR readings quoted an author, these are not just issues of interpretation or perception, these are very real physical things that happen to bodies--and it is is not deniable. And it impacts the disabled significantly, not just in social ways, emotions, or humiliation, or enduring paternalism. Instead, there is the very real experience of a convulsion, lost limb, or what have you.
How much of our disabling of those with impairments is rejection of the potential that such things could happen to us--our bodies could rebel, act autonomously, and force us to rely on caregivers in order to take care of basic needs?
These are free-flow drafts to play with ideas and get a sense of the landscape.
Sontag, Susan Illness as Metaphor
1989 Anchor Books
3
"My point is not physical illness itself but the uses of illness as a figure or metaphor. My point is that illness is not a metaphor, and that the most truthful way of regarding illness--and the healthiest way of being ill--is one most purified of, most resistant to, metaphoric thinking."
7
"The solution is hardly to stop telling cancer patients the truth, but to rectify the conception of the disease, to de-mythicize it."
I love this, and it seems like this is potential approach to handling and working with disA in a meaningful and healthy way to approach it. It also provides a way for non-disA folks to engage with the content in potentially meaningful ways.
Engage and discuss it, and you take away the stigma from it. Look at ads for Erectile Dysfunction: who in the 1970s would have thought a Senator would or could run an ad for ED? And it happened in the 90s. Why not assume we can have the same approach , but in a useful way, towards disA where a frank discussion is designed to lower the stigma and emotional gutting which terms like this often cause?
AIDS and Its Metaphors
1989 Anchor Books
100
"Twelve years ago, when I became a cancer patient, what particularly enraged me--and distracted me from my own terror and despair at my doctors' gloomy prognosis--was seeing how much the very reputation of this illness added to the suffering of those who have it."
How much of this do we see in disability? This mirrors much of the discussion about self-image disempowerment, etc. [I don't have my DSR or my notes with me, else I'd name drop] that we've read about. The very reputation of disability, the very power of the word changes how we deal with people.
Similar with passing--for disability or queerness, and now for health. We can't let people know that we're sick. We do not even want to name it. If we do, then we summon up all the power that is associated with it.
Perhaps this is one of the reasons why people are constantly changing names for disorders, diseases, and social problems--they are constantly trying to shift, to dodge, to avoid the stigma and associations that are connected to a specific word or intention.
119
"From the beginning the construction of the illness had depended upon on notions that separated one group of people from another--the sick from the well, people with ARc from people with AIdS, them and us--while implying the imminent dissolution of these distinctions."
Again, substitute in disability for illness, and how much difference is there? The domination of medicalization is incredible.
133
"The most feared diseases, those that are not simply fatal but transform the body into something alienating, like leprosy and syphilis and cholera and (in the imagination of many) cancer, are the ones that seem particularly susceptible to promotion to "plague.""
I wonder if we could take this short text and then explore how people react with they see disabled folks in chairs, having seizures, or with bodies that act outside of their control. As one of the DSR readings quoted an author, these are not just issues of interpretation or perception, these are very real physical things that happen to bodies--and it is is not deniable. And it impacts the disabled significantly, not just in social ways, emotions, or humiliation, or enduring paternalism. Instead, there is the very real experience of a convulsion, lost limb, or what have you.
How much of our disabling of those with impairments is rejection of the potential that such things could happen to us--our bodies could rebel, act autonomously, and force us to rely on caregivers in order to take care of basic needs?
Sunday, May 17, 2009
May Seminar Notes
It is Sunday after one week at the Seminar.
I've taken a lot of notes. Here are some of them.
There are many ideas; most are not attributed--instead, I regard them as the result of the May Seminar community/context.
At this point, it seems like the May Seminar is a giant Invention experience.
If you see one of yours and you need attribution, let me know and I'll adjust it.
From Joyce's presentation Monday:
2.5 years to finish coursework
3.25 years to quals
4-5 years to defense
Dissertations as braintrust of the program
Question: How do you document doctoral culture?
Still's Lunch Presentation
Term: perpetual intermediate @ 77%
Comp journals generally dislike Talk Aloud because it distracts the writer
During presentations, Joyce repeatedly emphasized/critiqued framing
What are the theoretical frameworks for your work?
In presentations, focus on one aspect so that the scope of the question is manageable
Text/data mining enables making specific cognitive connections
DJ Process:
download articles; rd/take notes; spreadsheet ideas (author/yr/label/notes); write
Still paraphrased: "You must understand how people work if you want to improve/abet their flow."
Snake on the Wall: Each time you're interrupted, put a post it up on the wall.
Terms/Ideas:
Deficiency trope
Likert (sp?) scale
content mapping
DEAR as writing process?
Data driven sites
intersections of rhetoric and data mining
Rhizomic structure
textual coding
using data mining tools to discover rhetorical cognitive commonplaces
knowledge telling vs. Knowledge transforming (Schriver)
Correlations between expertise in multiple fields (expertise transfers?)
Embodied Knowledge (Rickly)
Relational thinking
Lived experience research
Single sourcing
Structured Markup
Writing as a technology
axes of history & theory
Grant experts in TTU program:
Rich, Angela, Fred
NCAT
established national standards in use of tech in classrooms
potential source of cash for ed/tech grant money
Tech is compelling; adaptability is vital.
fk:
two kinds of diss: empirical & interpretative
empir comes out of science
interp comes out of lit
Stuart Selber reference
two kinds of empirical:
qualitative & quant
Must be clear on your approach w/your committee
transformation comes from ideas
using social tech makes you rethink everything
questions drive everything
When you write, Prime Directive: Keep Reader Reading
anticipation/expectation to find an answer to a question s/he finds important
w/out the question, there can be no anticipated answer; reader has no reason to keep reading
disturbed knowledge: take a trope and put a new spin on it
resolving the tension of the spun trope, and how it will be done, keeps the reader engaged (want to know who did it in a mystery)
TENSION BETWEEN DISTURBED KNOWLEDGE AND SHARED KNOWLEDGE
the difference between the two generates/facilitates tension
You must know the literature of the field in order to know the reader, what they know, what they don't know, and what they want to know.
To do this, you must manage the field's knowledge
read TOCs of all major journals
read first couple paras of each article (at least)
THIS orients you to landscape so you can set up tension
doing this with ticTOCS tool seems like a good approach to daily/weekly scholarly reading
fk: all scholarly writing is an argument; principal claim must be relevant to field and contestable
if the claim is not potentially refutable, there is no tension
fk:
*can a well secured position in the field be supported & strengthened
*can a well secured position in the field be challenged
*can a gap in field's general or specific knowledge be filled
*can a paradigmatic assumption be challenged (revising a structure of knowledge)
Schriver:
if going into business, learn to listen. Academics often feel need to prove/demonstrate knowledge and talk clients to death to prove own knowledge instead of hearing/listening for what potential clients want.
*fees in field MA 50-125/hr; PhD 100-500/hr (don't do less than 100-250)
*avoid mission creep
*under promise and over deliver
*be willing to revise & repackage
*use Gannt (sp?) or Pert (?) chart to list expenses [practice it if you've never done it before]
*avoid interrogators & people who send you around the company
"If I can't visualize it, I won't read about it."
Lots of consulting work with gov't
We need research on:
work habits of high-achieving professionals
difference in individual processes
value added by excellence is not well understood? (unclear notes on this line)
Expert does right content, level of details, org & channels
Situated nature of expertise
group expertise
social & org influences on expertise
Risk: in-depth knowledge may numb you to others' needs
QUALS:
When reading/structuring for quals, consider categories of
lit review
taxonomy
methods
theory
QUALS is an invitation to contextualize your choices; explain why the methods are appropriate/why you selected it; what the limitations are.
Passing quals: "I am qualified to write a dissertation."
be able to evaluate trends in your field
(parentheticals are academic chest beating)
Dr. Baak
Conceptualize ideas as Venn diagrams
make your Venn diagrams into text
"People tend to subhead when they are insecure"
"I don't think any of us are wowed by opacity."
Merit is already established--don't see critique of quals as judgment of you
Be methodical in your reading, and have a system of taking notes
Be methodical in your approach; limit the number of thread you pursue (focus)
reigning in self is the big challenge
CONTROL YOUR INTERESTS
Remember that your readers are experienced AND they have to do it quickly. Zdenek.
highlight changes that you made in the doc AND leave the Ts comments in doc
MAKE IT EASIER FOR THEM
Lv Prof's questions in the text--and review them: that is what they are thinking about.
During quals, cite and refer to proposal rather than quoting from it
preparing for quals: set up reading times & reading themes (for several weeks)
read for ideas
what Zdenek looks for [my notes could be inaccurate]:
S answer question?>
scholarly in tone, use of cites, well org'd, well supported
is S ready to tackle diss
does S have enough background knowledge to handle diss
do answers anticipate full-blown proposal
has S worked out pre-proposal
has S made intellectual progress
has S articulated the gap
is the gap convincing?
does S have grasp of diss's rationale (so what?)
does S have an even better grasp of methods & attendant issues/probs
quals are a stage in the conversation--not all or 0
margin comments are a warning--don't ignore; be sure to address them
Web Tools
NetVicbes
ticToc
Jing
Zotero
WetPaint.com
Viddler
Seesmic
During presentations, be sure you do not go "here's a cool, one time experience."
include: theory, methods, and rigor
Remember: while we may reference TTU profs/courses during May seminar, DON'T do it at prof conferences
Dragga:
henri bergson major theory/critical lens
set up binary tensions between ethics & legality
Dragga presentation near-quote "Abstractions don't have power to elicit the vital feeling of a moral calling"
legal is often equated with ethical
Rickly:
situate the research of what we believe
cognitive dissonance: outside comfort zone
Mentioned/Recommended readings
Bereiter & Scardamalia (1983) Surpassing Ourselves [B&S's text? or another's?]
Berger, Arthur Media Research Theories
Bergson, Henri Creative Evolution
Bergson, Henri Two Sources of Morality & Religion
Bloom's Taxonomy Book/Article title?
Cho, Schunn, Charney 2006 (comp?) Book/Article title?
Codone, Lackey, Grady 2004 (topic? title?)
Dragga Praiseworthy Grading
Fife & O'neil (comp?) Book/Article title?
Hayes 1989 (properly focused practice? sustained practice?)
Hayhoe editorial in TC 2005 (topic?)
Huot 2002: study; students write for a grade (comp?) Book/Article title?
Johnson-Eilola 1996 "Relocating the Value of Work"
Kuhn: structure of scientific revolutions
Landow 3rd Ed (vocab for cognitive expectations)
Lawrence & Lightfoot (2009) on expertise
Lipson, Carol & R. Binkley Pre-Greek Rhetoric
Manovich, Lev. Language of New Media
Meiring, Dorian Stark (sp?) (research to read. cell phone/dev countries?)
Molich (sp?) everything--usability big boy
Negroponte: Being Digital
Nielsen everything--usability big boy
Papert, Seymour--Mindstorms
St. Amant, Kirk. Multiple articles on cell pphone role in developing countries
UNKNOWN Supercrunchers (database driven culture) {props to Glenn}
I've taken a lot of notes. Here are some of them.
There are many ideas; most are not attributed--instead, I regard them as the result of the May Seminar community/context.
At this point, it seems like the May Seminar is a giant Invention experience.
If you see one of yours and you need attribution, let me know and I'll adjust it.
From Joyce's presentation Monday:
2.5 years to finish coursework
3.25 years to quals
4-5 years to defense
Dissertations as braintrust of the program
Question: How do you document doctoral culture?
Still's Lunch Presentation
Term: perpetual intermediate @ 77%
Comp journals generally dislike Talk Aloud because it distracts the writer
During presentations, Joyce repeatedly emphasized/critiqued framing
What are the theoretical frameworks for your work?
In presentations, focus on one aspect so that the scope of the question is manageable
Text/data mining enables making specific cognitive connections
DJ Process:
download articles; rd/take notes; spreadsheet ideas (author/yr/label/notes); write
Still paraphrased: "You must understand how people work if you want to improve/abet their flow."
Snake on the Wall: Each time you're interrupted, put a post it up on the wall.
Terms/Ideas:
Deficiency trope
Likert (sp?) scale
content mapping
DEAR as writing process?
Data driven sites
intersections of rhetoric and data mining
Rhizomic structure
textual coding
using data mining tools to discover rhetorical cognitive commonplaces
knowledge telling vs. Knowledge transforming (Schriver)
Correlations between expertise in multiple fields (expertise transfers?)
Embodied Knowledge (Rickly)
Relational thinking
Lived experience research
Single sourcing
Structured Markup
Writing as a technology
axes of history & theory
Grant experts in TTU program:
Rich, Angela, Fred
NCAT
established national standards in use of tech in classrooms
potential source of cash for ed/tech grant money
Tech is compelling; adaptability is vital.
fk:
two kinds of diss: empirical & interpretative
empir comes out of science
interp comes out of lit
Stuart Selber reference
two kinds of empirical:
qualitative & quant
Must be clear on your approach w/your committee
transformation comes from ideas
using social tech makes you rethink everything
questions drive everything
When you write, Prime Directive: Keep Reader Reading
anticipation/expectation to find an answer to a question s/he finds important
w/out the question, there can be no anticipated answer; reader has no reason to keep reading
disturbed knowledge: take a trope and put a new spin on it
resolving the tension of the spun trope, and how it will be done, keeps the reader engaged (want to know who did it in a mystery)
TENSION BETWEEN DISTURBED KNOWLEDGE AND SHARED KNOWLEDGE
the difference between the two generates/facilitates tension
You must know the literature of the field in order to know the reader, what they know, what they don't know, and what they want to know.
To do this, you must manage the field's knowledge
read TOCs of all major journals
read first couple paras of each article (at least)
THIS orients you to landscape so you can set up tension
doing this with ticTOCS tool seems like a good approach to daily/weekly scholarly reading
fk: all scholarly writing is an argument; principal claim must be relevant to field and contestable
if the claim is not potentially refutable, there is no tension
fk:
*can a well secured position in the field be supported & strengthened
*can a well secured position in the field be challenged
*can a gap in field's general or specific knowledge be filled
*can a paradigmatic assumption be challenged (revising a structure of knowledge)
Schriver:
if going into business, learn to listen. Academics often feel need to prove/demonstrate knowledge and talk clients to death to prove own knowledge instead of hearing/listening for what potential clients want.
*fees in field MA 50-125/hr; PhD 100-500/hr (don't do less than 100-250)
*avoid mission creep
*under promise and over deliver
*be willing to revise & repackage
*use Gannt (sp?) or Pert (?) chart to list expenses [practice it if you've never done it before]
*avoid interrogators & people who send you around the company
"If I can't visualize it, I won't read about it."
Lots of consulting work with gov't
We need research on:
work habits of high-achieving professionals
difference in individual processes
value added by excellence is not well understood? (unclear notes on this line)
Expert does right content, level of details, org & channels
Situated nature of expertise
group expertise
social & org influences on expertise
Risk: in-depth knowledge may numb you to others' needs
QUALS:
When reading/structuring for quals, consider categories of
lit review
taxonomy
methods
theory
QUALS is an invitation to contextualize your choices; explain why the methods are appropriate/why you selected it; what the limitations are.
Passing quals: "I am qualified to write a dissertation."
be able to evaluate trends in your field
(parentheticals are academic chest beating)
Dr. Baak
Conceptualize ideas as Venn diagrams
make your Venn diagrams into text
"People tend to subhead when they are insecure"
"I don't think any of us are wowed by opacity."
Merit is already established--don't see critique of quals as judgment of you
Be methodical in your reading, and have a system of taking notes
Be methodical in your approach; limit the number of thread you pursue (focus)
reigning in self is the big challenge
CONTROL YOUR INTERESTS
Remember that your readers are experienced AND they have to do it quickly. Zdenek.
highlight changes that you made in the doc AND leave the Ts comments in doc
MAKE IT EASIER FOR THEM
Lv Prof's questions in the text--and review them: that is what they are thinking about.
During quals, cite and refer to proposal rather than quoting from it
preparing for quals: set up reading times & reading themes (for several weeks)
read for ideas
what Zdenek looks for [my notes could be inaccurate]:
S answer question?>
scholarly in tone, use of cites, well org'd, well supported
is S ready to tackle diss
does S have enough background knowledge to handle diss
do answers anticipate full-blown proposal
has S worked out pre-proposal
has S made intellectual progress
has S articulated the gap
is the gap convincing?
does S have grasp of diss's rationale (so what?)
does S have an even better grasp of methods & attendant issues/probs
quals are a stage in the conversation--not all or 0
margin comments are a warning--don't ignore; be sure to address them
Web Tools
NetVicbes
ticToc
Jing
Zotero
WetPaint.com
Viddler
Seesmic
During presentations, be sure you do not go "here's a cool, one time experience."
include: theory, methods, and rigor
Remember: while we may reference TTU profs/courses during May seminar, DON'T do it at prof conferences
Dragga:
henri bergson major theory/critical lens
set up binary tensions between ethics & legality
Dragga presentation near-quote "Abstractions don't have power to elicit the vital feeling of a moral calling"
legal is often equated with ethical
Rickly:
situate the research of what we believe
cognitive dissonance: outside comfort zone
Mentioned/Recommended readings
Bereiter & Scardamalia (1983) Surpassing Ourselves [B&S's text? or another's?]
Berger, Arthur Media Research Theories
Bergson, Henri Creative Evolution
Bergson, Henri Two Sources of Morality & Religion
Bloom's Taxonomy Book/Article title?
Cho, Schunn, Charney 2006 (comp?) Book/Article title?
Codone, Lackey, Grady 2004 (topic? title?)
Dragga Praiseworthy Grading
Fife & O'neil (comp?) Book/Article title?
Hayes 1989 (properly focused practice? sustained practice?)
Hayhoe editorial in TC 2005 (topic?)
Huot 2002: study; students write for a grade (comp?) Book/Article title?
Johnson-Eilola 1996 "Relocating the Value of Work"
Kuhn: structure of scientific revolutions
Landow 3rd Ed (vocab for cognitive expectations)
Lawrence & Lightfoot (2009) on expertise
Lipson, Carol & R. Binkley Pre-Greek Rhetoric
Manovich, Lev. Language of New Media
Meiring, Dorian Stark (sp?) (research to read. cell phone/dev countries?)
Molich (sp?) everything--usability big boy
Negroponte: Being Digital
Nielsen everything--usability big boy
Papert, Seymour--Mindstorms
St. Amant, Kirk. Multiple articles on cell pphone role in developing countries
UNKNOWN Supercrunchers (database driven culture) {props to Glenn}
Saturday, February 21, 2009
Schoeck's Practical Tradition notes
Richard J. Schoeck
The Practical Tradition of Classical Rhetoric
In Rhetoric and Praxis, Ed Jean Dietz Moss, 23-41
1986, The Catholic University of America Press
Washington, D.C.
24 “…[T]he art of rhetoric is one of our oldest and most enduring inheritances from the classical period, and it has never lost its usefulness or its relevance to the widest possible spectrum of problems and situations in a long sequence of changing societies.”
Riff: it has been of use for thousands of years, it still will be of use; regardless of how people may respond to the names and labels given to it, it would be silly to ignore its importance and applications.
25 “During the long stretch of time from its beginnings twenty-five centures ago until today, rhetoric has always been thought to be highly practical, and the rleation between the theory and practice of rhetoric and the society it serves is one which will tell us much about the value that society puts upon rhetoric, recognizing its need and its potential value—especiially in the estimation of the individual’s capacity and responsibility for making decisions and responding rationally to eloquence.”
Riff: tradition of being highly practical and valued; link to paideia as not just part of Greek culture, but also of the educational tradition of the west; it has been highly valued, like rhetorical skill, and needs to be attended to (this may be weak, but it’s worth thinking about).
25 rhetoric as one of most practical application because it develops three kinds of eloquence:
Judicial; deliberative; panegyrical/epideictic
29 Cites a professor Michel that from Greek rhetoric flowed two modes of enquiry that must be distinguished: dialogue and manual (Phaedrus and Aristotle’s Rhetorica) [near word for word here]
Riff: Does this mean that the two most basic modes for persuasion were initially the dialogue and manual? It would seem that was what Michel is stating. Then again, it is a how-to and a let’s talk. Part of me wonders if this not also be one of the reasons why how-to/DIY shows are so popular—the manual—and talk shows/dialogue are so popular. Do they go back to cultural patterns which are so familiar that we embrace them without thinking about them too much?
30 Quintilian stressed that “…the first essential of a perfect orator was that he be a good man…”
Riff: that begs the question what is a good man? This appears to link to the importance of being in integrity with yourself and your ideas so that what you have to say has ethos, has credibility, and rings as true isntead of setting off the bullshit detectors.
30-34 Because Cicero and Quintilian’s works influenced the construction of arguments used in courts and in gov’ts (see essay again for particulars laid out there) as well as later impact in the construction of sermons in the Christian religion, rhetoric has been a very vital, active, practical and engaged tool in the construction of society and cultures. In short, people in positions of power and influence used and adapated classical rhetorical methods to their own circumstances and situations of power/institutions and created their own using these same tools.
These are patterns of thinking/construction/ argumentation throughout western thought.
40 Rhetoric: another defintion
“…it is the use of language which comes into being in response to human needs, which is born out of the urgencies of a particular human situation in a moment of history, which forms uniquely the expression and discovers the necessary means and form for the confrontation of human beings with other human beings and then moves through language and rhetoric toward understanding each of the other.”
Riff: wow. Use this. Think about it.
The Practical Tradition of Classical Rhetoric
In Rhetoric and Praxis, Ed Jean Dietz Moss, 23-41
1986, The Catholic University of America Press
Washington, D.C.
24 “…[T]he art of rhetoric is one of our oldest and most enduring inheritances from the classical period, and it has never lost its usefulness or its relevance to the widest possible spectrum of problems and situations in a long sequence of changing societies.”
Riff: it has been of use for thousands of years, it still will be of use; regardless of how people may respond to the names and labels given to it, it would be silly to ignore its importance and applications.
25 “During the long stretch of time from its beginnings twenty-five centures ago until today, rhetoric has always been thought to be highly practical, and the rleation between the theory and practice of rhetoric and the society it serves is one which will tell us much about the value that society puts upon rhetoric, recognizing its need and its potential value—especiially in the estimation of the individual’s capacity and responsibility for making decisions and responding rationally to eloquence.”
Riff: tradition of being highly practical and valued; link to paideia as not just part of Greek culture, but also of the educational tradition of the west; it has been highly valued, like rhetorical skill, and needs to be attended to (this may be weak, but it’s worth thinking about).
25 rhetoric as one of most practical application because it develops three kinds of eloquence:
Judicial; deliberative; panegyrical/epideictic
29 Cites a professor Michel that from Greek rhetoric flowed two modes of enquiry that must be distinguished: dialogue and manual (Phaedrus and Aristotle’s Rhetorica) [near word for word here]
Riff: Does this mean that the two most basic modes for persuasion were initially the dialogue and manual? It would seem that was what Michel is stating. Then again, it is a how-to and a let’s talk. Part of me wonders if this not also be one of the reasons why how-to/DIY shows are so popular—the manual—and talk shows/dialogue are so popular. Do they go back to cultural patterns which are so familiar that we embrace them without thinking about them too much?
30 Quintilian stressed that “…the first essential of a perfect orator was that he be a good man…”
Riff: that begs the question what is a good man? This appears to link to the importance of being in integrity with yourself and your ideas so that what you have to say has ethos, has credibility, and rings as true isntead of setting off the bullshit detectors.
30-34 Because Cicero and Quintilian’s works influenced the construction of arguments used in courts and in gov’ts (see essay again for particulars laid out there) as well as later impact in the construction of sermons in the Christian religion, rhetoric has been a very vital, active, practical and engaged tool in the construction of society and cultures. In short, people in positions of power and influence used and adapated classical rhetorical methods to their own circumstances and situations of power/institutions and created their own using these same tools.
These are patterns of thinking/construction/ argumentation throughout western thought.
40 Rhetoric: another defintion
“…it is the use of language which comes into being in response to human needs, which is born out of the urgencies of a particular human situation in a moment of history, which forms uniquely the expression and discovers the necessary means and form for the confrontation of human beings with other human beings and then moves through language and rhetoric toward understanding each of the other.”
Riff: wow. Use this. Think about it.
Kinneavy's Kairos: Neglected notes
James L. Kinneavy
Kairos: A Neglected Concept in Classical Rhetoric
In Rhetoric and Praxis, Ed Jean Dietz Moss, 79-105
1986, The Catholic University of America Press
Washington, D.C
80 Goal of essay to assert importance of Kairos in contemporary theory of composition and provide an extended def of Kairos
“…provisionally it might be defined as the right or opportune time to do something, or right measure in doing something. Often the two notions are joined…”
Riff: save and mark this defintion. It is important.
81 presocratic ethic Kairon gnothi: know the opportunity
81 kairos important to pre-socratics, esp. Pythagoereans
Kairos as the most important thing in every action; a low of the universe [go back for exact citation]
Gorgias: made Kairos conernerstone of his work and efforts
82 Kairos merged with prepon (propriety or fitness) in Stoicism
Dominating concept in Cicero’s ethics/rhetoric
82-3 Four scholars who helped bring Kairos back:
Augusto Rostagni; Doro Levi; Mario Untersteiner; Paul Tillich
83 situational context is modern term for Kairos
84 “…some consideration in any rhetorical theory must be given to the issue raised by the concept of kairos—the appropriateness of the discourse to the particular circumstances of the time, place, speaker, and audience involved.”
85 two basic elements in Greek kairos: right timing and the principle of a proper measure
87 kairos linked to ethics and justice (pythagoras, especially)
89 referring to Pindar, kairos was the critical moment of a story and building around that
92 Kairos linked to education in classical Greek world
Education was oriented to training people for life in the polis
“the importance of the city was the common bond of humanity that it afforded those living together and the strangers who visited them.”
Essence of polis: freed and the ability to persuade/be persuaded. Given this, education to the life of polis is heavily grounded in persuasion and kairos.
93 “Kairos, the god, was thus symbolically linked to the public educaiton program that prepared the young man for initiation into citizenship—the program, incidentally, dominated by rhetoric.”
94 Kinneavy wrote “Freshman English: An American Rite of Passage” in 1977
98 incorporating kairos means including consideration of the ethics of a situation, evaluating the values of a specific situational context
Thus, the Ss should write about ethical concerns of their interests and career choices
Ethical consequences are both social and individual
102 “Each profession as a subculture has a rhetorical obligation to alert the culture as a whole to new benefits and to new dangers.”
“And the rhetoric of the discipline means the ability to address the populace in persuasive language that will be listened to.”
103 “There is no more immediate application of the principle of kairos than establishing a real audience distinct from the classroom situation.”
Kairos: A Neglected Concept in Classical Rhetoric
In Rhetoric and Praxis, Ed Jean Dietz Moss, 79-105
1986, The Catholic University of America Press
Washington, D.C
80 Goal of essay to assert importance of Kairos in contemporary theory of composition and provide an extended def of Kairos
“…provisionally it might be defined as the right or opportune time to do something, or right measure in doing something. Often the two notions are joined…”
Riff: save and mark this defintion. It is important.
81 presocratic ethic Kairon gnothi: know the opportunity
81 kairos important to pre-socratics, esp. Pythagoereans
Kairos as the most important thing in every action; a low of the universe [go back for exact citation]
Gorgias: made Kairos conernerstone of his work and efforts
82 Kairos merged with prepon (propriety or fitness) in Stoicism
Dominating concept in Cicero’s ethics/rhetoric
82-3 Four scholars who helped bring Kairos back:
Augusto Rostagni; Doro Levi; Mario Untersteiner; Paul Tillich
83 situational context is modern term for Kairos
84 “…some consideration in any rhetorical theory must be given to the issue raised by the concept of kairos—the appropriateness of the discourse to the particular circumstances of the time, place, speaker, and audience involved.”
85 two basic elements in Greek kairos: right timing and the principle of a proper measure
87 kairos linked to ethics and justice (pythagoras, especially)
89 referring to Pindar, kairos was the critical moment of a story and building around that
92 Kairos linked to education in classical Greek world
Education was oriented to training people for life in the polis
“the importance of the city was the common bond of humanity that it afforded those living together and the strangers who visited them.”
Essence of polis: freed and the ability to persuade/be persuaded. Given this, education to the life of polis is heavily grounded in persuasion and kairos.
93 “Kairos, the god, was thus symbolically linked to the public educaiton program that prepared the young man for initiation into citizenship—the program, incidentally, dominated by rhetoric.”
94 Kinneavy wrote “Freshman English: An American Rite of Passage” in 1977
98 incorporating kairos means including consideration of the ethics of a situation, evaluating the values of a specific situational context
Thus, the Ss should write about ethical concerns of their interests and career choices
Ethical consequences are both social and individual
102 “Each profession as a subculture has a rhetorical obligation to alert the culture as a whole to new benefits and to new dangers.”
“And the rhetoric of the discipline means the ability to address the populace in persuasive language that will be listened to.”
103 “There is no more immediate application of the principle of kairos than establishing a real audience distinct from the classroom situation.”
Wednesday, February 18, 2009
Jaeger Paideia Vol 3 Ch 2
Read for 5364; notes from a print out of scanned text; relocate page numbers
Rivals rhetoric and philosophy are rooted in poetry (46)
for Isocrates, rhetoric was the best solution to the post-Periclean age
Discussion and persuasion as a way to handle all of the chaos.
Isocrates sought, like platonic Socrates, to
Consider using the above in terms of addressing/ applying paideia or expanding it outside of the schools and working in non-traditional environments of gyms, dojos, etc.
In Isocrates, form and content were inseperable.
Isocrates attacked philosophers for not trusting their own students.
Note this in order to attempt to improve my own work.
This could be compared to martial arts training--how similar are current teachers/schools in their applications? How distant? Has much changed?
Use the above for me. Refer to these writing tips again.
Greeks on education as interpreted by Jaeger. Important
I am not sure what to do with this, but it seems important.
Rhet bashes philosophy. Bomb to drop.
Rivals rhetoric and philosophy are rooted in poetry (46)
for Isocrates, rhetoric was the best solution to the post-Periclean age
Discussion and persuasion as a way to handle all of the chaos.
Isocrates sought, like platonic Socrates, to
"initiate much-needed reformation in some other way than by entering an active career as an orator in the assemblies and the law courts."
Consider using the above in terms of addressing/ applying paideia or expanding it outside of the schools and working in non-traditional environments of gyms, dojos, etc.
"The new rhetoric had to find an ideal which could be ethically interpreted and which at the same time could be translated into practical political action."
In Isocrates, form and content were inseperable.
Isocrates attacked philosophers for not trusting their own students.
"Perfect eloquence must be the individual expression of a single critical moment, a kairos, and its highest law is that it should be wholly appropriate. Only by observing these two rules can it succeed in being new and original."
Note this in order to attempt to improve my own work.
"Naturally, Isocrates' view of the educational value of rhetoric is defined by this conception of its true character. Being an act of creation, oratory in its highest ranges cannot possibly be taught like a school subject. And yet he holds that it can be employed to educate young men: because of his own peculiar view of the relation between the three factors which, according to the pedagogic theories of the sophists, are the foundation of all education. They are: (1) talent, (2) study, and (3) practice."
This could be compared to martial arts training--how similar are current teachers/schools in their applications? How distant? Has much changed?
"For Iscorates, the real difficulty of rhetoric is in the "right choice, commixture, and placing of the 'ideas' on each subject, in the selection of the correct moment, in the good taste and appropriateness with which the speech is decorated with enthymemes, and in the rhythmic and musical disposition of the words."
Use the above for me. Refer to these writing tips again.
"Here, the general Greek idea, that education is the process by which the whole man is shipaed, is enunciated independently of Plato, and variously expounded in such imagery as 'model' or 'patttern', 'stamp', 'imitate.' The real problem is how this process of 'shaping' can be converted from a beautiful image into a practical reality--that is, what is to be the method of forming the human character, and ultimately what is the nature of the human intellect."
Greeks on education as interpreted by Jaeger. Important
"For him [Isocrates], rhetorical training is worked out simply by Opinion, not by Knowledge. But he frequently claims that the intellect possesses an aesthetic and practical faculty which, without claiming absolute knolwedge, can still choose the right means and the right end. His whole conception of culture is based on that aesthetic power."
I am not sure what to do with this, but it seems important.
"The superiority of rhetoric, as Isocrates conceives it, is that it is entirely political culture. All that it has to do to attain spiritual leadership in the state is to find a new approach to life and its problems."
Rhet bashes philosophy. Bomb to drop.
Subscribe to:
Posts (Atom)
Posts
